Othello Essay William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Othello Essay William Shakespeare Essay For a long time individuals have seen theater as a magnificent type of diversion. The public’s gratefulness for such amusement depends on various showy subjects. Regardless of whether it is a cheerful parody, that is generally sure to lift anyone’s spirits, an enthusiastic sentiment, that mixes our deepest impractical feelings, or a desperate disaster, that finds no purpose in our alleged â€Å"fair† idea of life. These sorts of plays offer to the various parts of humankind, and that is the reason the general population has and will keep on seeing venue as quality amusement. One of the most famous writers of such dramatizations was the late William Shakespeare (1564-1616). In the book Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Editor X. J. Kennedy alludes to Shakespeare as â€Å"the incomparable author of English† (1009). Shakespeare had the uncommon capacity to compose comedies, romantic tales, just as catastrophes, which are all equivalent in refinement. English authors J. I. M. Stewart expressed that, â€Å"Shakespeare’s impulses was to make of his plays the reflection of life, and comprehensively, he sets about this by the strategies for the naturalistic writer† (502). His work has withstood the trial of time and phonetic boundaries. For quite a long time crowds have made the most of his work and have had the option to get from its understandings where they can relate. His sharp capacity to contact all parts of mankind is that he has kept his works alive consistently. It is said that when Shakespeare composed Othello, around 1604, he was at the stature of his capacity. Othello was written in the exemplary deplorable structure: A catastrophe, is as impersonation of an activity that is not kidding, total in itself, Also, of a specific size; in a language adorned with every sort of Artistry†¦ cast as dramatization, not story, achieving through Incidents that stir pity and dread purgation of these feelings (Aristotle cited, in Kennedy ) A synopsis of Aristotle’s see found in Perrine’s Literature proceeds with, â€Å"The plot includes an adjustment in the protagonist’s fortune, in which he generally, yet not generally, tumbles from bliss to misery† (Aristotle qtd. In Arp. ). The sad saint in this catastrophe is the character Othello, Othello is the respectable height; â€Å"All men humor his uprightness, his aptitude in war, his capacity in administering men, his self-administration, his calm nature, a leader of men who rules himself† (Brooke). Othello’s respectability joined with his lethal defect of desire is the thing that makes him a genuine Shakespearean terrible legend. An exemplary Shakespearean disaster contains honorable characters; the fundamental character is held in high regard by all others, and is frequently seen as being divine. The initial scenes are intended to acquaint the crowd with what has been going on in the lives of the characters. Their motivation is to give foundation data that the crowd needs so as to comprehend the occasions that follow. The plot keeps on thickening all through the play, as one occasion significantly counterbalances the following. An exemplary disaster additionally contains a subplot that is generally done by a minor character. The subplot happens at the same time inside the fundamental plot, and regularly assumes a job in the ultimate result of the principle plot. Next a disaster must have an energizing power, which is the premise of all the move that will make place. In numerous disasters a lowlife who looks for retribution for, what he accepts to be, and out of line act done unto him for the most part causes the energizing power. The energizing power blends the feelings of a focal character; his musings have been contrarily impacted by the energizing power, and he starts the capitulate to his shortcomings. The story at that point starts to tighten, the falling activity, into the goals. .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 , .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .postImageUrl , .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 , .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:hover , .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:visited , .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:active { border:0!important; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:active , .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u33af526bd8059 59da7227e6aa137ec51 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u33af526bd805959da7227e6aa137ec51:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Courtroom Drama EssayNear the finish of the story the crowd encounters a snapshot of definite tension, and afterward at long last a calamity. Each story has a saint or the like. One may inquire as to why Othello is viewed as an awful saint. To answer that, one should initially have a comprehension of what qualities must be available all together for a character to be considered a disastrous saint.

Free Essays on Yucca Mountain

History For over two decades, the Shoshone clan, researchers, preservationists, the government, Nevada residents and legislators have wrestled over the destiny of Yucca Mountain. Yucca Mountain is situated inside the Western Shoshone Nation and has for quite some time been a position of incredible otherworldly vitality for the Shoshone clan. The water in the region is likewise hallowed, all things considered with many desert people groups. Yucca Mountain, and the encompassing territory, was never really considered government land. As indicated by the 1863 Ruby Valley Treaty that the Shoshone marked with the U.S. government, a large portion of the region presently utilized by the U.S. military for atomic weapons testing and the proposed squander capacity site was perceived as Shoshone land. Be that as it may, the Shoshone can't control what occurs on their genealogical land. Rather, lawmakers keep on attempting to convince the Shoshone to acknowledge money related remuneration for their property, which most view as an approach to eclipse local title and deny future land claims. In the late 1970s government researchers started to contemplate Yucca Mountain as a potential vault for atomic waste, and since 1987 it has been the main site considered for 77,000 tons of spent atomic fuel and other radioactive waste. 98% of all the radioactive waste produced by U.S. atomic reactors may before long be set out toward the mountain. There is now more atomic waste than the archive can hold, except if the 77,000 ton limit is raised. In spite of the fact that the office won't open until 2010 at the most punctual, reactor squander now sitting in pools of water around the nation will fill Yucca Mountain’s passages and leave space for short of what 33% of the government’s atomic resistance squander, leaving 7,500 tons with no spot to go. Business atomic force plants produce 2,000 tons of elevated level waste every year, and when Yucca Mountain would be full in 2035, there would be 42,000 tons of recently created regular citizen squander at reactors around the n ation. Th... Free Essays on Yucca Mountain Free Essays on Yucca Mountain THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY After much research and finding out about the Yucca Mountain atomic waste and storehouse, I have increased a lot of information on the circumstance. I will impart to you the realities and what I have realized looking into this theme, just as the pro’s and con’s and my preferred part, my sincere belief. One would trust that they would discover this subject a fascinating point. The dubious issue that is happening with the Yucca Mountain territory isn't climate its set in stone, yet a greater amount of what we ought to do with our atomic waste and where to store it. â€Å"In July 2002, president Bush marked a bill assigning the Yucca Mountain site for advancement as an archive for the removal of spent atomic fuel and significant level radioactive waste† (orcwm.doe.gov). A valley not very far away from â€Å"Sin City† otherwise known as Las Vegas, Nevada, there is a remote desert where Yucca Mountain is in for thought for putting away atomic waste. The U.S. Division of Energy started to concentrate here in 1978 to decide if it would be a better than average spot to contain the nation’s first long haul geologic archive for spent atomic fuel and significant level radioactive waste. Spent atomic fuel is the radioactive side-effect of making power business atomic force plants and elevated level radioactive waste is side-effect from creation at guard offices. In any case, in 1982, Congress additionally settled a national strategy to tackle the issue of atomic waste removal. This strategy is a government law called the Nuclear Wast e Policy congress put together this arrangement with respect to what most researchers overall concurred the better way that would work to discard the atomic waste that has been amassing throughout the years. Yucca Mountain was not by any means the only spot Congress had at the top of the priority list where to store the atomic waste; they additionally thought of six different states for thought as potential archive locales. The scientists didn't simply p... Free Essays on Yucca Mountain Presentation: Yucca Mountain is the conceivable site of an atomic storehouse intended to store and discard spent atomic fuel. It is situated in Nye County, Nevada, which is around 100 miles northwest of Las Vegas (this can be seen on Figure #1). This land is governmentally claimed, and situated on the edge of the Department of Energy’s Test Site. The vault would be situated in the mountain and be around 1000 feet beneath the highest point of the mountain and 1000 feet over the groundwater level. The store will be intended to hold well over the 77,000 tons of atomic waste previously amassed. In the event that the undertaking gets endorsement, it would be the countries first topographical vault for removal of spent atomic fuel. The Yucca Mountain site was picked for a few reasons. As a matter of first importance, water is the principle methods for moving waste out of an atomic vault and into the earth. The Yucca Mountain site is situated in one of the driest and remote places in the United States. The territory gets under 7.5 creeps of downpour every year, and 95 percent of that doesn't arrive at the mountain. The site likewise has numerous regular obstructions, which forestall what little water is accessible from entering the site. The conceivable site is additionally situated on governmentally possessed land, which disposes of the protracted assignment of securing land from the state. There is additionally no hazard that groundwater that serves any of the close by urban communities will be debased by the site. This is absurd, in light of the fact that the groundwater framework that envelops Yucca Mountain isn't associated with groundwater of the Las Vegas Valley. The groundwater framework at Yucca Mountai n is a disconnected pressure driven bowl; that is; it doesn't interface with some other water sources. Disengaged water powered bowls are an uncommon element, and it is very appropriate for the site. Thus, Yucca Mountain was picked as the conceivable site of the geographical atomic store. COST: The Yucca Mountain p... Free Essays on Yucca Mountain History For over two decades, the Shoshone clan, researchers, naturalists, the national government, Nevada residents and lawmakers have wrestled over the destiny of Yucca Mountain. Yucca Mountain is situated inside the Western Shoshone Nation and has for quite some time been a position of ground-breaking otherworldly vitality for the Shoshone clan. The water in the zone is likewise holy, all things considered with many desert people groups. Yucca Mountain, and the encompassing zone, was never really considered government land. As per the 1863 Ruby Valley Treaty that the Shoshone marked with the U.S. government, the greater part of the territory presently utilized by the U.S. military for atomic weapons testing and the proposed squander capacity site was perceived as Shoshone land. Be that as it may, the Shoshone can't control what occurs on their tribal land. Rather, administrators keep on attempting to convince the Shoshone to acknowledge budgetary pay for their property, which most view as an approach to dominate local title and restrict future land claims. In the late 1970s government researchers started to contemplate Yucca Mountain as a potential store for atomic waste, and since 1987 it has been the main site considered for 77,000 tons of spent atomic fuel and other radioactive waste. 98% of all the radioactive waste created by U.S. atomic reactors may before long be set out toward the mountain. There is as of now more atomic waste than the store can hold, except if the 77,000 ton limit is raised. In spite of the fact that the office won't open until 2010 at the most punctual, reactor squander now sitting in pools of water around the nation will fill Yucca Mountain’s passages and leave space for short of what 33% of the government’s atomic safeguard squander, leaving 7,500 tons with no spot to go. Business atomic force plants produce 2,000 tons of significant level waste every year, and when Yucca Mountain would be full in 2035, there would be 42,000 tons of recently created regular citizen squander at reactors around the nation. Th...

the Last samuri essays

the Last samuri articles This was a flat out great film. At the point when I went to go see it I was simply going to get additional credit, however directly toward the start of the film I realized it would have been acceptable. The way the began the film was incredible how they indicated Tom Cruise drinking and the slice to this person reporting he was a chief the in Indian wars. The he comes out and begins his presentation which is to sell this weapon, however as opposed to doing as he generally does he calks the firearm and discharge it. I thought this scene was amazingly interesting. As the film advances you can tell the amount he laments whats hes done in the Indian wars cause each once and for a little while when hes resting he has dreams of whats hes done and afterward he awakens in a virus sweat. He is recruited to prepare Japanese officers so the can battle against the insubordinate Samurai warriors. He excepts the activity since he will be paid 500 dollars every month which is a dreadful part of cas h in those days. So he gets the chance to Japan begins to prepare these fighters. At that point for some time later the Samurai assault the railroad and they need them to proceed to battle them. He attempts to persuade them that the fighters arent prepared by compelling one of the Japanese men to attempt to shoot him and like he presumed he missed. They despite everything cause them to proceed to assault them. So they are in the timberland at that point can here something coming so line up in assault position. At that point out of nowhere the Samurai show up out of the trees and start to dash there ponies towards them. They begin shooting, yet despite the fact that they all had weapons they withdrew in light of the fact that the samurai warriors were gifted with there sharp edges. Until the last individual who was battling them was Tom Cruises character he was encircled, yet at the same time he held them all back until a man with red protection ventured forward and tested him. It lo oked as though he surrendered ,yet then he thrusted forward with is blade and slaughtered him. The pioneer at that point requested them all to stop and they took him ... <!

So you want to be a journalist...

So you want to be a journalist Welcome to the seventh installment of College Transitions’ â€Å"So you want to be a†¦.† series. Designed to help career-minded high school students think intelligently about their postsecondary journeys, these blogs will look at the financial, academic, and personal factors one should consider when exploring various professions.A changing fieldIn the period following Watergate, roughly half of the young people in the world decided to become investigative journalists in the hopes of becoming the next Woodward Bernstein (perhaps a slight exaggeration). The glamorous appeal of sitting in a cubicle in the newsroom of a major metropolitan paper at 2 AM, sporting a short sleeve, white dress shirt and drinking cup after cup of Maxwell House, all while bringing down â€Å"the powers that be† was simply too much to resist.Fast forward forty years, and the career of journalist is almost unrecognizable from its previous form. Pure print journalism has given way in fa vor of web-based reporting, independently-run blogs, podcasts, tweets, and the technologically-oriented like. The media is no longer an exclusive club controlled by a handful of newspaper publishers and the owners of the major broadcasting networks. The gatekeepers that used to stand guard and make entering this field and reaching an audience have been overrun by New Media advances. While many lament the fall of traditional journalism, the seismic shift of the last two decades has created a field where anyone with an area of expertise and a unique voice can find an audience—a development not without career advantages.Journalism vs. Broadcast JournalismThe line between these two fields has faded faster than most newspapers circulation counts. Print reporters today are often asked to create video content to accompany articles, seek out media appearances to promote their publication, and snare as many Twitter, Facebook, and Google Plus followers as they possibly can.Of course, s tudents who want to work exclusively in television news still typically major in broadcast journalism where they learn the ins and outs of the industry, both in front of and behind the camera. Some schools, Auburn University for example, offer a B.A. in journalism with the following areas of specialization:Broadcast Journalism Community Journalism Digital Technology Journalism Entrepreneurial/Business Journalism Health and Science Journalism Investigative Journalism Magazine Journalism Media Law Sports Journalism Visual JournalismTo accommodate an ever-changing industry, many institutions have gone in this direction. Boston College and The University of Missouri operate similarly, with a bevy of concentration options under the general umbrella of â€Å"journalism.†Does going to a prestigious undergraduate school help?Journalism is a field built on what you are able to produce. A state college grad who writes beautifully and knows how to tap sources and produce engaging conten t will never take a backseat to an Ivy Leaguer whose reporting is mediocre.On the other hand, attending a school with an elite journalism school can help with landing an internship and networking if your aim is to work at a major newspaper, magazine, website, or television market. Schools with notable communications/journalism programs such as Syracuse, UNC, Northwestern, or Columbia can provide grads with huge alumni networking bases and therefore premier internship opportunities.Gain experience in the fieldThe beauty of the journalism field is that opportunities to try-it-out in high school are abundant. Heck, even most middle schools publish a paper and air morning announcements. If you want to be a journalist, start today. There are countless opportunities to begin publishing work outside of your high school. Start a blog, freelance for a small local paper—whatever allows you to write, write, and write some more.Think about a double majorIt never hurts to carve out a nich e area of expertise in the journalism field. For example, a background in an area like science, computer science, or economics can allow you to write on topics and for publications that many other young journalists simply wouldn’t have the ability to tackle. Those with a strong knowledge base in a given area may find better prospects than generalists.Journalist salariesThis is a field where salaries are most commonly modest and, in rare instances, where notoriety is achieved, outrageously high. The average salary for someone in the radio, television, or print journalism field is around $37,000. For local news anchors and reporters in small markets around the United States salaries average in the mid-20s. Small market jobs constitute the majority of the positions in this field. However, those who rise to the top of the profession and get plucked up by a top 25 market can expect salaries in the low six-figures. Of course, for those who dare to dream, celebrity journalists are p aid like NBA stars. The Matt Lauer’s and Diane Sawyers of the world take home more than 20 million per year.Plan the financial endDon’t plan on hitting that 20 million dollar mark right away. In fact, planning somewhere in the neighborhood of $15 per hour is a safer bet. Then, there is the matter of relocation†¦As a journalist you need to be willing to travel. Very rarely will someone begin their career in broadcast journalism in a major market. If you are a budding sports writer, get ready to cover the Billings Bighorns junior hockey team in Montana before you get a crack at the New York Rangers. From a financial standpoint, two things are important to plan for: the need to travel and the likelihood that you will not make much money early in your career. It goes without saying that taking out massive undergraduate loans could hinder your mobility and therefore stand in the way of essential early career opportunities.To read previous installments of the So you wan t to be a series, click the links below:So you want to be a lawyerSo you want to be a doctorSo you want to be a teacherSo you want to be an engineerSo you want to be  a software developer/engineer/programmer?So you want to be a financial analyst

What Should You Know About Nacirema - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 661 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Nacirema Essay Did you like this example? It has been brought to my attention that a new group of people have been recently discovered. The location of these people which Im not so certain where they came from although they are somewhere surrounded between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean   as well as the Gulf of Mexico. Known as the Nacirema, these people are a very awkward group of people weve never seen before.   They are highly dependent on their daily rituals and that is one very little certain thing about them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Should You Know About Nacirema" essay for you Create order Their daily rituals practice seems to be most dependant survival mode of the Nacirema.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most equivalent power is held by the men and women of their society. The way they regulate themselves is undistinguished, but the one thing that stands out the most between the men and women of the Nacirema is the focus on beauty. These individual bodies rank higher than anything else in the society they live in today. Being a perfectionist is one thing that the Naciremas idolize the most. The only way for the Naciremas to achieve this perfection is to go through their daily rituals that they perform. Researchers have found that this is the only way theyll attain this form of ritual needed for their society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Nacirema will do anything in their power to attain this beauty they have. The thousands of the rituals performed involves a dramatic and frightful amount of pain for them to have this beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women rely on their daily rituals more than me ever do. Although among the Nacirema, beauty is sought by both the men and women of the society theyre in. Women seem to require more daily customs to have and keep this beauty. If a woman doesnt attain enough customs, she is looked down upon and ashamed by the rest of the Nacirema society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once super strange custom that women of the Nacirema society have to do is to remove any excess hair off their bodies. This custom is known as gnixaw and women have to do it to achieve perfection all around their bodies. Some of the men in the Nacirema society perform this act of ceremony too, but its mostly common among the women society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The process of ginxaw is more of a complex but painful ritual women do in the Nacirema society. The individual must go to the temple and visit the shaman to have this ritual called ginxaw done. The shaman is highly referred to do this skill as a form of magic. This form of magic is necessary if one want to perfect their look.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When entering the shaman lair , the woman is asked to remove all her clothes, and then put on a large sheet, then the shaman lays her onto her slab, and instructs her not to move. The process begins when the woman is on the slab. The shaman mixes all of the magical potion together. This potion becomes a thick and sticky substance. A stick is then used by the shaman to spread the substance onto certain parts of hair of the woman. Then the shaman applies a strip piece of paper to the top of the magical substance and presses down onto the skin. About 5 seconds later, the shaman rips the piece of paper off, bringing with it patches of unwanted hair. It is repeated in the same fashion around the desired area of   the Nacirema. In order for the process to be completed, some bleeding and pain is bound to happen. Before the woman leaves the ceremony, she must give the shaman a precious item of hers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is apparent to see that the Nacirema are highly ritualized people. The fact that they are still alive after practicing these different strange rituals is still a mystery among us all. Even though the Naciremas are a strange group of people, they have been thriving for generations and generations, so they have adapted to their ways of life and survival.

Essay on Justification for the Stolen Generations in...

How was the removal of Aboriginal Children from their families justified by the Australian Government and white society At the turn of the twentieth century the systematic forced removal of Aboriginal children from their mothers, families and cultural heritage was commonplace. There were several reasons that the government and white society used to justify the separation but the prevailing ideology of nationalism and maintaining Australia for the ‘whites’ was the over-riding motivation and justification for their actions[1]. Progressive sciences such as anthropology espoused such theories as eugenics, miscegenation, biological absorption and assimilation which legitimated governmental policies relating to Aboriginal affairs[2]. It was†¦show more content†¦These ideals were inevitably challenged when white society was confronted by people of mixed blood. The lack of conformity by the Aboriginal race to a white lifestyle was seen as a problem as was the growing number of ‘half castes’.[17] Some Australians found it offensive to see almost white children living amongst Aboriginal families.[18] As a solution to this problem, in 1937 the Federal Government adopted the Policy of Absorption as the future destiny of the Aboriginal people of Australia.[19] This decision was based on prevailing scientific and anthropological knowledge which suggested that Australian Aborigines were descended from the Caucasian race[20]. This theory was seized upon by officials who used it as a way to promote and justify biological assimilation. Paradoxically, this then made the absorption of Aboriginal people into white communities more palatable to white society.[21] The idea of inter breeding and effectively breeding out the ‘half castes’ was adopted wholly by A.O. Neville, the Chief Protector of Western Australia, 1914 – 1940, and taken one step further[22]. Neville promoted miscegenation and the biological integration/assimilation of ‘half castes’. His justification for this process was that he was allowing the ‘half castes’ to effectively climb the evolutionary ladder through the selective breedingShow MoreRelatedReview of Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce Essay663 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Rabbit Proof Fence, Phillip Noyce, the writer, takes into account the conflicting opinions over the stolen generation policy. This was an Australian policy which involved taking half-caste aboriginals away from their families and homes, to be brought up in a white society. The policy was in operation between the 1930s and the 1960s. One of the main justifications for the policy, was to educate the half-caste children so that they could fit into society. 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In Australia, the government has apologized for its treatment of Aborigines after an official inquiry called it genocide. Compensation is being negotiated. In 1988, Congress apologized to Japanese Americans interned in camps during World war II and authorized

Negative Stereotypes of Asian Americans free essay sample

Rising Against Negative Stereotypes of Asian Americans in Popular Culture That Developed Throughout History Negative stereotypes of Asians have been collectively internalized by societies, and were manifested by a societys popular culture, including the media, literature, theatre, and other creative expressions. Throughout Americas history, Asian Americans have been conceived, treated, and portrayed as perpetual foreigners; un-assimilating and inherently foreign regardless of citizenship or duration of residence in America. These negative stereotypical views developed to what can be described as â€Å"the six faces of the oriental† which are the pollutant, the coolie, the deviant, the yellow peril, the model minority, and the gook (Lee, p. 8). Stereotypes like these have been preconceived overgeneralizations about a group, without regard to individual uniqueness. This is evident through numerous Supreme Court rulings, acts of legislature, and statements made in the nations media, such as Go back to China! (a familiar racist expression of xenophobia against Asian immigrants). The perceptions of Americans toward Asians in the media including characterizations of communication and social skills have drastically changed over the years. From the obvious negative stereotypes of the â€Å"six faces of the oriental† that developed in the 1800’s and early 1900’s to the perceived â€Å"positive† stereotype (but still actually negative) that occurred in the 1960’s to depict Asians as the â€Å"model minority,† the stereotypes never disappeared. These stereotypes placed on Asian Americans throughout history in popular culture were all negative, and today Asian Americans still experience these same negative racial stereotypes which we as Americans should strive to eliminate in order to grasp the idea of tolerance of Asian Americans in popular culture to create a less prejudiced society. The stereotypes of â€Å"the six faces of the oriental† derived from their ancestors during the time of immigration in the 1800’s and early 1900’s all portray a negative view toward Asian Americans. When Asian immigrants first arrived in the United States, they were welcomed as cheap labor. But after the California gold rush brought a flood of Asian immigrants to California, the cheap Asian labor began to be seen as a threat. What began as neutral or amusing stereotypical caricatures of Asians soon took on more negative connotations. The Coolie stereotype originated with Chinese laborers in the 1850’s as a way of preventing Chinese from entering the skilled trades. The lowest-paying unskilled jobs were called coolie labor or nigger work. The Yellow Peril or pollutant stereotype (referring to the â€Å"White American fear†) began to take hold in the 1890’s in California. Asians were viewed as alien and a threat to wage earners, and a movement began that had the goal of making California racially pure (Lee, p. 8). During this time, politicians and writers expressed numerous anti-Asian views, with headlines like The Yellow Peril' (Los Angeles Times, 1886) and Conference Endorses Chinese Exclusion (The New York Times, 1905). The Gook stereotype originated with the US Military during the Korean War as a generic term for Asians, and became more popular during the Vietnam War. A gook is an invisible and powerful enemy with superhuman endurance and ability to absorb punishment. The Model Minority stereotype originated in the 1950’s as a representation of successful assimilation of Asians that was contrasted with the less successful assimilation of those who did not fit the standards. Although this may have been perceived as a positive stereotype, this, like all of the six faces of the oriental, was still a negative stereotype because those who did not meet the qualifications of the â€Å"model minority† were looked down upon and discriminated against. These different yet similar labels set upon Asian Americans during the course of history all demonstrate a negative view toward Asian Americans, which can be proved with the evidence found within their popular culture. These negative racial stereotypes of Asian Americans displayed within history can be revealed within Asian American popular culture through various songs, movies, and other types of media for amusement or as a way to classify Asian Americans as being the inferior race. The depictions of Asians in popular culture, specifically the movies, were portrayed as servants, laborers, and laundrymen. In the pre-war era, there was no American Asian actor portraying an Asian hero. Throughout the course of history Asians in film have been portrayed as â€Å"evil† or the yellow peril. If Asians are not being classified as evil in this picture then they are most likely the comic relief, with their lack of coordination or grasp of the English language. With these common stereotypes in place, it gives a white American viewer a sense or need to destroy this Asian villain or superiority over the comedic character ortrayed in the film. The image of a kindly servant or detective, or a glamorous siren was ended when Pearl Harbor turned the Japanese into cruel and inhuman militarists. Now Japan was depicted as an enemy of unexampled ferocity and greed. â€Å"Yellowbellies†, â€Å"yellow bastards†, â€Å"yellow monkeys† were all standard phrases (Lee, 159-160). In the many Pacific War movies the Japanese were depicted without morals and killers even of prisoners and the wounded, as well as women and children. The media, both informative and entertainment, made certain that the American public realized that â€Å"the Japanese dared to challenge the dominant white establishment † (Lee, 171). By depicting them so sadistically, the media made certain that the Japanese, in particular, would be looked upon as an inhuman, or as an uncivilized race. This had to do with the effects of the attacks of Pearl Harbor where, as a result, Japanese Americans were treated with hatred and racial prejudice. This was based on the idea that because the Japanese bombed America, all Japanese were seen as enemies that could not be trusted. This image persisted until after Hiroshima and Nagasaki felt the terror of an atomic bomb, and Japan surrendered. These stereotypes exposed in Asian American popular culture that reflected the stereotypes that derived from Asian American historical events were far from tolerable and should not have been acceptable then or now. The negative views of Asian Americans in popular culture unfortunately did not diminish over time, and although stereotypes changed to be more â€Å"positive†, these discriminatory labels can still be observed today in recent popular culture. Among the stereotypes about Asian Americans, the model minority  stereotype might be the most pervasive and dominant one today. This developed during the 1960’s when the Asian American resistance movement was beginning. Asian Americans were then proclaimed as a â€Å"model minority for their academic excellence, affluence, strong work ethic, freedom from problems and crime, and family cohesion. They are typically represented as overachievers who are intelligent, industrious, technologically savvy, self-disciplined, self-sufficient, and law-abiding. Although this may seem like a good stereotype, a stereotype is still a stereotype, and this was still in fact negative because those who did not fit the â€Å"model minority† were looked down upon. This model minority stereotype can be seen in recent popular culture. Some examples are the characters portrayed by George Huang  in Law Order: SVU, Cristina Yang  in Greys Anatomy, and Archie Kao  in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. These characters are portrayed in roles that emphasize attributes of higher education, intelligence, and professional work ethic. An Intel Centrino Ad, launched in 2005, also depicts the â€Å"model minority† stereotype. While marketing mobile technology, the ad campaign features well known celebrities like pro skateboarder Tony Hawk, actor John Cleese, singer Seal, and soccer player Michael Owen, but makes Lucy Liu (the personified laptop entertainment) the primary focus of the ad. It is  conceivable that Intel used her Asian image to attach associations of high quality and intelligence to the Intel product. Therefore it is evident that negative stereotypes are clearly visible in today’s popular culture and reflect the negative stereotypes produced in earlier history. Although racial stereotypes are often camouflaged or rendered invisible, once produced as a category of social difference it is present everywhere in the social formation and deeply imbedded in the popular culture† (Dave, Nishime, and Oren, p. 7) Once these stereotypes are produced, it can be said that they will remain within popular culture as time continues. This however, is very unfortunate and it is vital that as Ame ricans we rise against the negatively stereotyped Asian Americans and protest against popular culture that still exposes these stereotypes like the model minority. For Asian Americans, the United States has never been a place in which true assimilation and equality is possible as a result of prejudice and stereotypes. Asian Americans have come a long way from a history of discrimination and segregation that other racial minorities have also faced. The racial labels including the â€Å"six faces of the oriental†, slurs, and fear of being an economic threat developed through popular culture during the 1800’s and 1900’s and still persist in current society. With these cultural representations already determined by the outside world, it has been increasingly more difficult for one to break such representation due to factors in society normalizing these representations with the use of the media in popular culture. Examining this issue in a historical perspective, a pattern is established in which Asians are continually being objectified into some negative label for white America. It is up to the current population of America to once and for all reak this pattern so that Asian Americans, as well as other races, can be observed in popular culture without being negatively stereotyped. We all must come together and protest by vocalizing against any forms of popular culture that negatively stereotype Asian Americans. Our founding fathers wanted to create a nation where â€Å"all men are created equal† and it is only fair to any American to make them feel this statement to be true. Hopefully there will come a day when stereotypes will be diminished completely, and we can finally live in a country where all men are truly created equal.